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Differential effects of phorbol-13-monoesters on human immunodeficiency virus reactivation.

Márquez N, Calzado MA, Sánchez-Duffhues G, Pérez M, Minassi A, Pagani A, Appendino G, Diaz L, Muñoz-Fernández MA, Muñoz E

Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Avda. de Menendez Pidal s/n, 14004 Universidad de Córdoba, Spain.

The persistence of latent reservoirs of HIV-1 represents a major barrier to virus eradication in patients treated with antiretrovirals. Prostratin is a non-tumor promoting 12-deoxyphorbol monoester capable of up-regulating viral expression from latent provirus and therefore is potentially useful for HIV adjuvant therapy and similar properties might be elicited by related non-tumor promoting phorboids. We have therefore investigated a series of phorbol 13-monoesters for their capacity to reactivate HIV latency. Using a Jurkat T cell line containing latent HIV proviruses, we found that prostratin and phorbol-13-stearate effectively activate HIV-1 gene expression in these latently infected cells, with phorbol-13-stearate being at least 10-fold more potent than prostratin, and its activity rapidly decreasing with a shortening of the acyl side chain. We further demonstrated that phorbol-13-stearate and prostratin stimulate IKK-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha, leading to activation of NF-kappaB. Moreover, prostratin, phorbol-13-hexanoate and phorbol-13-stearate also activate the JNK and ERK pathways. Studies with isoform-specific PKC inhibitors suggest that the classical PKCs play a prominent role in the responses elicited by phorbol-13-stearate. Nevertheless, this compound induces a translocation pattern of the PKC isotypes alpha and delta to cellular compartments distinctly different from that elicited by prostratin and PMA.

Published 5 March 2008 in Biochem Pharmacol, 75(6): 1370-80.
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